1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Seroxat 10 mg film coated tablets.
Seroxat 20 mg film coated tablets.
Seroxat 30 mg film coated tablets.
Seroxat 20 mg/10 ml oral suspension.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each film
Each 10 ml of oral suspension contains 20 mg paroxetine (as paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate).
Excipient – each 10 ml of oral suspension contains:
- 20 mg methyl parahydroxybenzoate
- 6 mg propyl parahydroxybenzoate
- 0.9 mg FD&C Yellow No. 6 (sunset yellow, EEC No. 110)
- 4 g sorbitol (E420).
For excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Film
Oral suspension.
10 mg tablet
White to pinkish
The 10 mg film-coated tablet has a break
20 mg tablet
White, film
The 20 mg film-coated tablet has a break
30 mg tablet
Blue, oval shaped biconvex tablets debossed with “Seroxat 30” or “30” on one side and a break bar on the reverse.
Oral Suspension
A bright orange fairly viscous suspension having an odour of oranges, free from foreign matter.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Treatment of
- Major Depressive Episode
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Panic Disorder with and without agoraphobia
- Social Anxiety Disorders/Social phobia
- Generalised Anxiety Disorder
- Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
It is recommended that paroxetine is administered once daily in the morning with food.
The tablet should be swallowed rather than chewed.
Shake bottle before use.
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE
The recommended dose is 20 mg daily. In general, improvement in patients starts after one week but may only become evident from the second week of therapy.
As with all antidepressant medicinal products, dosage should be reviewed and adjusted if necessary within 3 to 4 weeks of initiation of therapy and thereafter as judged clinically appropriate. In some patients, with insufficient response to 20 mg, the dose may be increased gradually up to a maximum of 50 mg a day in 10 mg steps according to the patient's response.
Patients with depression should be treated for a sufficient period of at least 6 months to ensure that they are free from symptoms.
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
The recommended dose is 40 mg daily. Patients should start on 20 mg/day and the dose may be increased gradually in 10 mg increments to the recommended dose. If after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually up to a maximum of 60 mg/day.
Patients with OCD should be treated for a sufficient period to ensure that they are free from symptoms. This period may be several months or even longer. (see section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties)
PANIC DISORDER
The recommended dose is 40 mg daily. Patients should be started on 10 mg/day and the dose gradually increased in 10 mg steps according to the patient's response up to the recommended dose. A low initial starting dose is recommended to minimise the potential worsening of panic symptomatology, which is generally recognised to occur early in the treatment of this disorder. If after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually up to a maximum of 60 mg/day.
Patients with panic disorder should be treated for a sufficient period to ensure that they are free from symptoms. This period may be several months or even longer (see section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties)
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER/SOCIAL PHOBIA
The recommended dose is 20 mg daily. If after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually in 10 mg steps up to a maximum of 50 mg/day. Long-term use should be regularly evaluated (see section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties).
GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER
The recommended dose is 20 mg daily. If after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually in 10 mg steps up to a maximum of 50 mg/day. Long-term use should be regularly evaluated (see section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties).
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
The recommended dose is 20 mg daily. If after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually in 10 mg steps up to a maximum of 50 mg/day. Long-term use should be regularly evaluated (see section 5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties).
GENERAL INFORMATION
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS SEEN ON DISCONTINUATION OF PAROXETINE
Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use and section 4.8 Undesirable Effects). The taper phase regimen used in clinical trials involved decreasing the daily dose by 10 mg at weekly intervals. If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose, but at a more gradual rate.
Special Populations:
• Elderly
Increased plasma concentrations of paroxetine occur in elderly subjects, but the range of concentrations overlaps with that observed in younger subjects. Dosing should commence at the adult starting dose. Increasing the dose might be useful in some patients, but the maximum dose should not exceed 40 mg daily.
• Children and adolescents (7-17 years)
Paroxetine should not be used for the treatment of children and adolescents as controlled clinical trials have found paroxetine to be associated with increased risk for suicidal behaviour and hostility. In addition, in these trials efficacy has not been adequately demonstrated (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for use and section 4.8 Undesirable Effects).
• Children aged below 7 years
The use of paroxetine has not been studied in children less than 7 years. Paroxetine should not be used, as long as safety and efficacy in this age group have not been established.
• Renal/hepatic impairment
Increased plasma concentrations of paroxetine occur in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min) or in those with hepatic impairment. Therefore, dosage should be restricted to the lower end of the dosage range.
4.3 Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to paroxetine or any of the excipients.
Paroxetine is contraindicated in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). In exceptional circumstances, linezolid (an antibiotic which is a reversible non
Treatment with paroxetine can be initiated:
- two weeks after discontinuation of an irreversible MAOI, or
- at least 24hrs after discontinuation of a reversible MAOI (e.g. moclobemide, linezolid).
At least one week should elapse between discontinuation of paroxetine and initiation of therapy with any MAOI.
Paroxetine should not be used in combination with thioridazine, because, as with other drugs which inhibit the hepatic enzyme CYP450 2D6, paroxetine can elevate plasma levels of thioridazine (see section 4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction). Administration of thioridazine alone can lead to QTc interval prolongation with associated serious ventricular arrhythmia such as torsades de pointes, and sudden death.
Paroxetine should not be used in combination with pimozide (see section 4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Treatment with paroxetine should be initiated cautiously two weeks after terminating treatment with an irreversible MAOI or 24 hours after terminating treatment with a reversible MAO inhibitor. Dosage of paroxetine should be increased gradually until an optimal response is reached (see section 4.3 Contraindications and section 4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
Use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age
Paroxetine should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. Suicide
Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening
Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide
Other psychiatric conditions for which paroxetine is prescribed can also be associated with an increased risk of suicide
Patients with a history of suicide
Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.
Akathisia/psychomotor restlessness
The use of paroxetine has been associated with the development of akathisia, which is characterized by an inner sense of restlessness and psychomotor agitation such as an inability to sit or stand still usually associated with subjective distress. This is most likely to occur within the first few weeks of treatment. In patients who develop these symptoms, increasing the dose may be detrimental.
Serotonin Syndrome/Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
On rare occasions development of a serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like events may occur in association with treatment of paroxetine, particularly when given in combination with other serotonergic and/or neuroleptic drugs. As these syndromes may result in potentially life-threatening conditions, treatment with paroxetine should be discontinued if such events (characterised by clusters of symptoms such as hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, mental status changes including confusion, irritability, extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma) occur and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated. Paroxetine should not be used in combination with serotonin-precursors (such as L-tryptophan, oxitriptan) due to the risk of serotonergic syndrome.
(See Sections 4.3 Contraindications and 4.5 Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
Mania
As with all antidepressants, paroxetine should be used with caution in patients with a history of mania. Paroxetine should be discontinued in any patient entering a manic phase.
Renal/hepatic impairment
Caution is recommended in patients with severe renal impairment or in those with hepatic impairment. (see section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration)
Diabetes
In patients with diabetes, treatment with an SSRI may alter glycaemic control. Insulin and/or oral hypoglycaemic dosage may need to be adjusted.
Epilepsy
As with other antidepressants, paroxetine should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy.
Seizures
Overall the incidence of seizures is less than 0.1% in patients treated with paroxetine. The drug should be discontinued in any patient who develops seizures.
ECT
There is little clinical experience of the concurrent administration of paroxetine with ECT.
Glaucoma
As with other SSRIs, paroxetine can cause mydriasis and should be used with caution in patients with narrow angle glaucoma or history of glaucoma.
Cardiac Conditions
The usual precautions should be observed in patients with cardiac conditions.
Hyponatraemia
Hyponatraemia has been reported rarely, predominantly in the elderly. Caution should also be exercised in those patients at risk of hyponatraemia e.g. from concomitant medications and cirrhosis. The hyponatraemia generally reverses on discontinuation of paroxetine.
Haemorrhage
There have been reports of cutaneous bleeding abnormalities such as ecchymoses and purpura with SSRIs. Other haemorrhagic manifestations e.g. gastrointestinal haemorrhage have been reported. Elderly patients may be at an increased risk.
Caution is advised in patients taking SSRI's concomitantly with oral anticoagulants, drugs known to affect platelet function or other drugs that may increase risk of bleeding (e.g. atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, phenothiazines, most TCA's, acetylsalicylic acid, NSAID's, COX-2 inhibitors) as well as in patients with a history of bleeding disorders or conditions which may predispose to bleeding.
Drugs affecting gastric pH
In patients receiving oral suspension, the paroxetine plasma concentration may be influenced by gastric pH. In vitro data have shown that an acidic environment is required for release of the active drug from the suspension, hence absorption may be reduced in patients with a high gastric pH or achlorhydria, such as after the use of certain drugs (antacid drugs, histamine H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors), in certain disease states (e.g. atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, chronic Helicobacter pylori infection), and after surgery (vagotomy, gastrectomy). The pH dependency should be taken into account when changing paroxetine formulation (e.g. the plasma paroxetine concentration may decrease after changing from tablet to oral suspension in patients with a high gastric pH). Caution is therefore recommended in patients when initiating or ending treatment with drugs increasing gastric pH. Dose adjustments may be necessary in such situations.
Interaction with tamoxifen
Paroxetine may lead to reduced efficacy of tamoxifen (see section 4.5). It is recommended that prescribers consider using an alternative antidepressant with minimal CYP2D6 activity.
Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of paroxetine treatment
Withdrawal symptoms when treatment is discontinued are common, particularly if discontinuation is abrupt (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects). In clinical trials adverse events seen on treatment discontinuation occurred in 30% of patients treated with paroxetine compared to 20% of patients treated with placebo. The occurrence of withdrawal symptoms is not the same as the drug being addictive or dependence producing.
The risk of withdrawal symptoms may be dependent on several factors including the duration and dose of therapy and the rate of dose reduction.
Dizziness, sensory disturbances (including paraesthesia, electric shock sensations and tinnitus), sleep disturbances (including intense dreams), agitation or anxiety, nausea, tremor, confusion, sweating, headache, diarrhoea, palpitations, emotional instability, irritability, and visual disturbances have been reported. Generally these symptoms are mild to moderate, however, in some patients they may be severe in intensity. They usually occur within the first few days of discontinuing treatment, but there have been very rare reports of such symptoms in patients who have inadvertently missed a dose. Generally these symptoms are self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks, though in some individuals they may be prolonged (2-3 months or more). It is therefore advised that paroxetine should be gradually tapered when discontinuing treatment over a period of several weeks or months, according to the patient's needs (see "Withdrawal Symptoms Seen on Discontinuation of Paroxetine", Section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration).
Warnings for excipients
Parabens
Paroxetine oral suspension contains methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218) and propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216) (parabens), which are known to cause urticaria; generally delayed type reactions, such as contact dermatitis, but rarely immediate reaction with bronchospasm.
Sunset Yellow Colouring Agent
Paroxetine oral suspension contains the colouring agent sunset yellow FCF (E110), which may cause allergic reactions.
Sorbitol E420
Paroxetine oral suspension contains sorbitol (E420). Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Serotonergic drugs
As with other SSRIs, co-administration with serotonergic drugs may lead to an incidence of 5
Pimozide
Increased pimozide levels of on average 2.5 times have been demonstrated in a study of a single low dose pimozide (2 mg) when co
Drug metabolising enzymes
The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of paroxetine may be affected by the induction or inhibition of drug metabolising enzymes.
When paroxetine is to be co-administered with a known drug metabolising enzyme inhibitor, consideration should be given to using paroxetine doses at the lower end of the range.
No initial dosage adjustment is considered necessary when the drug is to be co-administered with known drug metabolising enzyme inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, rifampicin, phenobarbital, phenytoin) or with fosamprenavir/ritonavir. Any paroxetine dosage adjustment (either after initiation or following discontinuation of an enzyme inducer) should be guided by clinical effect (tolerability and efficacy).
Fosamprenavir/ritonavir: Co
Procyclidine: Daily administration of paroxetine increases significantly the plasma levels of procyclidine. If anti-cholinergic effects are seen, the dose of procyclidine should be reduced.
Anticonvulsants: carbamazepine, phenytoin, sodium valproate. Concomitant administration does not seem to show any effect on pharmacokinetic/dynamic profile in epileptic patients.
CYP2D6 inhibitory potency of paroxetine
As with other antidepressants, including other SSRIs, paroxetine inhibits the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6. Inhibition of CYP2D6 may lead to increased plasma concentrations of co-administered drugs metabolised by this enzyme. These include certain tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. clomipramine, nortriptyline, and desipramine), phenothiazine neuroleptics (e.g. perphenazine and thioridazine, see section 4.3 Contraindications), risperidone, atomoxetine, certain Type 1c antiarrhythmics (e.g. propafenone and flecainide) and metoprolol. It is not recommended to use paroxetine in combination with metoprolol when given in cardiac insufficiency, because of the narrow therapeutic index of metoprolol in this indication.
Tamoxifen is a pro-drug requiring metabolic activation by CYP2D6. Inhibition of CYP2D6 by paroxetine may lead to reduced plasma concentrations of an active metabolite and hence reduced efficacy of tamoxifen, especially in extensive metabolisers. It is recommended that prescribers consider using an alternative antidepressant with minimal CYP2D6 activity.
Alcohol
As with other psychotropic drugs patients should be advised to avoid alcohol use while taking paroxetine.
Oral anticoagulants
A pharmacodynamic interaction between paroxetine and oral anticoagulants may occur. Concomitant use of paroxetine and oral anticoagulants can lead to an increased anticoagulant activity and haemorrhagic risk. Therefore, paroxetine should be used with caution in patients who are treated with oral anticoagulants. (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for use)
NSAIDs and acetylsalicylic acid, and other antiplatelet agents
A pharmacodynamic interaction between paroxetine and NSAIDs/acetylsalicylic acid may occur. Concomitant use of paroxetine and NSAIDs/acetylsalicylic acid can lead to an increased haemorrhagic risk. (see section 4.4 Special warnings and Special Precautions for use)
Caution is advised in patients taking SSRI's, concomitantly with oral anticoagulants, drugs known to affect platelet function or increase risk of bleeding (e.g. atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine, phenothiazines, most TCA's, acetylsalicylic acid, NSAID's, COX-2 inhibitors) as well as in patients with a history of bleeding disorders or conditions which may predispose to bleeding.
Drugs affecting gastric pH
In vitro data have shown that dissociation of paroxetine from the oral suspension is pH-dependant. Therefore, drugs that alter gastric pH (such as antacid drugs, proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Fertility
Some clinical studies have shown that SSRIs (including paroxetine) may affect sperm quality. This effect appears to be reversible following discontinuation of treatment. These studies have not examined impact on fertility but changes in sperm quality may affect fertility in some men.
Pregnancy
Some epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of congenital malformations, particularly cardiovascular (e.g. ventricular and atrial septum defects) associated with the use of paroxetine during the first trimester. The mechanism is unknown. The data suggest that the risk of having an infant with a cardiovascular defect following maternal paroxetine exposure is less than 2/100 compared with an expected rate for such defects of approximately 1/100 in the general population.
Paroxetine should only be used during pregnancy when strictly indicated. The prescribing physician will need to weigh the option of alternative treatments in women who are pregnant or are planning to become pregnant. Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided during pregnancy (see "Withdrawal Symptoms Seen on Discontinuation of Paroxetine", section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration).
Neonates should be observed if maternal use of paroxetine continues into the later stages of pregnancy, particularly the third trimester.
The following symptoms may occur in the neonate after maternal paroxetine use in later stages of pregnancy: respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnoea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, hypoglycaemia, hypertonia, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, tremor, jitteriness, irritability, lethargy, constant crying, somnolence and difficulty in sleeping. These symptoms could be due to either serotonergic effects or withdrawal symptoms. In a majority of instances the complications begin immediately or soon (<24 hours) after delivery.
Epidemiological data have suggested that the use of SSRIs in pregnancy, particularly in late pregnancy, may have an increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). The observed risk was approximately 5 cases per 1000 pregnancies. In the general population 1 to 2 cases of PPHN per 1000 pregnancies occur.
Animal studies showed reproductive toxicity, but did not indicate direct harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or postnatal development (see Section 5.3 Preclinical Safety Data).
Lactation
Small amounts of paroxetine are excreted into breast milk. In published studies, serum concentrations in breast-fed infants were undetectable (<2 ng/ml) or very low (<4 ng/ml), and no signs of drug effects were observed in these infants. Since no effects are anticipated, breast
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Clinical experience has shown that therapy with paroxetine is not associated with impairment of cognitive or psychomotor function. However, as with all psychoactive drugs, patients should be cautioned about their ability to drive a car and operate machinery.
Although paroxetine does not increase the mental and motor skill impairments caused by alcohol, the concomitant use of paroxetine and alcohol is not advised.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Some of the adverse drug reactions listed below may decrease in intensity and frequency with continued treatment and do not generally lead to cessation of therapy. Adverse drug reactions are listed below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Uncommon: abnormal bleeding, predominantly of the skin and mucous membranes (mostly ecchymosis).
Very rare: thrombocytopenia.
Immune system disorders
Very rare: allergic reactions (including urticaria and angioedema).
Endocrine disorders
Very rare: syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Common: increases in cholesterol levels, decreased appetite.
Rare: hyponatraemia.
Hyponatraemia has been reported predominantly in elderly patients and is sometimes due to syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
Psychiatric disorders
Common: somnolence, insomnia, agitation, abnormal dreams (including nightmares).
Uncommon: confusion, hallucinations.
Rare: manic reactions, anxiety, depersonalisation, panic attacks, akathisia (see section 4.4).
Frequency not known: suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour.
Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during paroxetine therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.4).
These symptoms may also be due to the underlying disease
Nervous system disorders
Common: dizziness, tremor, headache.
Uncommon: extrapyramidal disorders.
Rare: convulsions, restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Very rare: serotonin syndrome (symptoms may include agitation, confusion, diaphoresis, hallucinations, hyperreflexia, myoclonus, shivering, tachycardia and tremor).
Reports of extrapyramidal disorder including oro-facial dystonia have been received in patients sometimes with underlying movement disorders or who were using neuroleptic medication.
Eye disorders
Common: blurred vision.
Uncommon: mydriasis (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use).
Very rare: acute glaucoma.
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Frequency not known: tinnitus.
Cardiac disorders
Uncommon: sinus tachycardia.
Rare: bradycardia.
Vascular disorders
Uncommon: transient increases or decreases in blood pressure, postural hypotension.
Transient increases or decreases of blood pressure have been reported following treatment with paroxetine, usually in patients with pre-existing hypertension or anxiety.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common: yawning.
Gastrointestinal disorders
Very common: nausea.
Common: constipation, diarrhoea, vomiting, dry mouth.
Very rare: gastrointestinal bleeding.
Hepato-biliary disorders
Rare: elevation of hepatic enzymes.
Very rare: hepatic events (such as hepatitis, sometimes associated with jaundice and/or liver failure).
Elevation of hepatic enzymes have been reported. Post-marketing reports of hepatic events (such as hepatitis, sometimes associated with jaundice and/or liver failure) have also been received very rarely. Discontinuation of paroxetine should be considered if there is prolonged elevation of liver function test results.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Common: sweating.
Uncommon: skin rashes, pruritus
Very rare: photosensitivity reactions.
Renal and urinary disorders
Uncommon: urinary retention, urinary incontinence.
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Very common: sexual dysfunction.
Rare: hyperprolactinaemia/galactorrhoea.
Very rare: priapism.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Rare: arthralgia, myalgia
Epidemiological studies, mainly conducted in patients 50 years of age and older, show an increased risk of bone fractures in patients receiving SSRIs and TCAs. The mechanism leading to this risk is unknown.
General disorder and administration site conditions
Common: asthenia, body weight gain
Very rare: peripheral oedema.
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS SEEN ON DISCONTINUATION OF PAROXETINE TREATMENT
Common: dizziness, sensory disturbances, sleep disturbances, anxiety, headache.
Uncommon: agitation, nausea, tremor, confusion, sweating, emotional instability, visual disturbances, palpitations, diarrhoea, irritability.
Discontinuation of paroxetine (particularly when abrupt) commonly leads to withdrawal symptoms. Dizziness, sensory disturbances (including paraesthesia, electric shock sensations and tinnitus), sleep disturbances (including intense dreams), agitation or anxiety, nausea, tremor, confusion, sweating, headache, diarrhoea, palpitations, emotional instability, irritability, and visual disturbances have been reported.
Generally these events are mild to moderate and are self-limiting, however, in some patients they may be severe and/or prolonged. It is therefore advised that when paroxetine treatment is no longer required, gradual discontinuation by dose tapering should be carried out (see section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration and section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for use).
ADVERSE EVENTS FROM PAEDIATRIC CLINICAL TRIALS
The following adverse events were observed:
Increased suicidal related behaviours (including suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts), self-harm behaviours and increased hostility. Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were mainly observed in clinical trials of adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder. Increased hostility occurred particularly in children with obsessive compulsive disorder, and especially in younger children less than 12 years of age.
Additional events that were seen are: decreased appetite, tremor, sweating, hyperkinesia, agitation, emotional lability (including crying and mood fluctuations), bleeding related adverse events, predominantly of the skin and mucous membranes.
Events seen after discontinuation/tapering of paroxetine are: emotional lability (including crying, mood fluctuations, self-harm, suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide), nervousness, dizziness, nausea and abdominal pain (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for use).
See section 5.1 for more information on paediatric clinical trials.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms and Signs
A wide margin of safety is evident from available overdose information on paroxetine.
Experience of paroxetine in overdose has indicated that, in addition to those symptoms mentioned under section 4.8 "Undesirable Effects", fever and involuntary muscle contractions have been reported. Patients have generally recovered without serious sequelae even when doses of up to 2000 mg have been taken alone. Events such as coma or ECG changes have occasionally been reported and, very rarely with a fatal outcome, but generally when paroxetine was taken in conjunction with other psychotropic drugs, with or without alcohol.
Treatment
No specific antidote is known.
The treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the management of overdose with any antidepressant. . Administration of 20-30 g activated charcoal may be considered if possible within a few hours after overdose intake to decrease absorption of paroxetine. Supportive care with frequent monitoring of vital signs and careful observation is indicated. Patient management should be as clinically indicated.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antidepressants – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ATC code: N06A B05
Mechanism of Action
Paroxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of 5
Paroxetine is chemically unrelated to the tricyclic, tetracyclic and other available antidepressants.
Paroxetine has low affinity for muscarinic cholinergic receptors and animal studies have indicated only weak anticholinergic properties.
In accordance with this selective action, in vitro studies have indicated that, in contrast to tricyclic antidepressants, paroxetine has little affinity for alpha1, alpha2 and betain vitro is substantiated by in vivo studies which demonstrate lack of CNS depressant and hypotensive properties.
Pharmacodynamic Effects
Paroxetine does not impair psychomotor function and does not potentiate the depressant effects of ethanol.
As with other selective 5-HT uptake inhibitors, paroxetine causes symptoms of excessive 5-HT receptor stimulation when administered to animals previously given monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors or tryptophan.
Behavioural and EEG studies indicate that paroxetine is weakly activating at doses generally above those required to inhibit 5-HT uptake. The activating properties are not "amphetamine-like" in nature.
Animal studies indicate that paroxetine is well tolerated by the cardiovascular system. Paroxetine produces no clinically significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate and ECG after administration to healthy subjects.
Studies indicate that, in contrast to antidepressants which inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline, paroxetine has a much reduced propensity to inhibit the antihypertensive effects of guanethidine.
In the treatment of depressive disorders, paroxetine exhibits comparable efficacy to standard antidepressants.
There is also some evidence that paroxetine may be of therapeutic value in patients who have failed to respond to standard therapy.
Morning dosing with paroxetine does not have any detrimental effect on either the quality or duration of sleep. Moreover, patients are likely to experience improved sleep as they respond to paroxetine therapy.
Adult suicidality analysis
A paroxetine
Dose response
In the fixed dose studies there is a flat dose response curve, providing no suggestion of advantage in terms of efficacy for using higher than the recommended doses. However, there are some clinical data suggesting that up-titrating the dose might be beneficial for some patients.
Long-term efficacy
The long-term efficacy of paroxetine in depression has been demonstrated in a 52 week maintenance study with relapse prevention design: 12% of patients receiving paroxetine (20-40mg daily) relapsed, versus 28% of patients on placebo.
The long-term efficacy of paroxetine in treating obsessive compulsive disorder has been examined in three 24 week maintenance studies with relapse prevention design. One of the three studies achieved a significant difference in the proportion of relapsers between paroxetine (38%) compared to placebo (59%).
The long-term efficacy of paroxetine in treating panic disorder has been demonstrated in a 24 week maintenance study with relapse prevention design: 5% of patients receiving paroxetine (10-40mg daily) relapsed, versus 30% of patients on placebo. This was supported by a 36 week maintenance study.
The long-term efficacy of paroxetine in treating social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorderhas not been sufficiently demonstrated.
Adverse Events from Paediatric Clinical Trials
In short-term (up to 10-12 weeks) clinical trials in children and adolescents, the following adverse events were observed in paroxetine treated patients at a frequency of at least 2% of patients and occurred at a rate at least twice that of placebo were: increased suicidal related behaviours (including suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts), self-harm behaviours and increased hostility. Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts were mainly observed in clinical trials of adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder. Increased hostility occurred particularly in children with obsessive compulsive disorder, and especially in younger children less than 12 years of age. Additional events that were more often seen in the paroxetine compared to placebo group were: decreased appetite, tremor, sweating, hyperkinesia, agitation, emotional lability (including crying and mood fluctuations).
In studies that used a tapering regimen, symptoms reported during the taper phase or upon discontinuation of paroxetine at a frequency of at least 2% of patients and occurred at a rate at least twice that of placebo were: emotional lability (including crying, mood fluctuations, self-harm, suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide), nervousness, dizziness, nausea and abdominal pain (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for use).
In five parallel group studies with a duration of eight weeks up to eight months of treatment, bleeding related adverse events, predominantly of the skin and mucous membranes, were observed in paroxetine treated patients at a frequency of 1.74% compared to 0.74% observed in placebo treated patients.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
Paroxetine is well absorbed after oral dosing and undergoes first-pass metabolism. Due to first-pass metabolism, the amount of paroxetine available to the systemic circulation is less than that absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Partial saturation of the first-pass effect and reduced plasma clearance occur as the body burden increases with higher single doses or on multiple dosing. This results in disproportionate increases in plasma concentrations of paroxetine and hence pharmacokinetic parameters are not constant, resulting in non
Steady state systemic levels are attained by 7 to 14 days after starting treatment with immediate or controlled release formulations and pharmacokinetics do not appear to change during long-term therapy.
Distribution
Paroxetine is extensively distributed into tissues and pharmacokinetic calculations indicate that only 1% of the paroxetine in the body resides in the plasma.
Approximately 95% of the paroxetine present is protein bound at therapeutic concentrations.
No correlation has been found between paroxetine plasma concentrations and clinical effect (adverse experiences and efficacy).
Metabolism
The principal metabolites of paroxetine are polar and conjugated products of oxidation and methylation which are readily cleared. In view of their relative lack of pharmacological activity, it is most unlikely that they contribute to paroxetine's therapeutic effects.
Metabolism does not compromise paroxetine's selective action on neuronal 5-HT uptake.
Elimination
Urinary excretion of unchanged paroxetine is generally less than 2% of dose whilst that of metabolites is about 64% of dose. About 36% of the dose is excreted in faeces, probably via the bile, of which unchanged paroxetine represents less than 1% of the dose. Thus paroxetine is eliminated almost entirely by metabolism.
Metabolite excretion is biphasic, being initially a result of first-pass metabolism and subsequently controlled by systemic elimination of paroxetine.
The elimination half-life is variable but is generally about 1 day.
Special Patient Populations
Elderly and Renal/Hepatic Impairment
Increased plasma concentrations of paroxetine occur in elderly subjects and in those subjects with severe renal impairment or in those with hepatic impairment, but the range of plasma concentrations overlaps that of healthy adult subjects.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Toxicology studies have been conducted in rhesus monkeys and albino rats; in both, the metabolic pathway is similar to that described for humans. As expected with lipophilic amines, including tricyclic antidepressants, phospholipidosis was detected in rats. Phospholipidosis was not observed in primate studies of up to one
Carcinogenesis: In two-year studies conducted in mice and rats, paroxetine had no tumorigenic effect.
Genotoxicity: Genotoxicity was not observed in a battery of in vitro and in vivo tests.
Reproduction toxicity studies in rats have shown that paroxetine affects male and female fertility. In rats, increased pup mortality and delayed ossification were observed. The latter effects were likely related to maternal toxicity and are not considered a direct effect on the foetus/neonate.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
10 mg tablet
Tablet core:
Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate (E341)
Sodium starch glycolate (Type A)
Magnesium stearate (E470b).
Tablet coating:
Hypromellose (E464)
Macrogol 400
Polysorbate 80 (E433)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Iron oxide red (E172).
20 mg tablet
Tablet core:
Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate (E341)
Sodium starch glycolate (Type A)
Magnesium stearate (E470b).
Tablet coating:
Hypromellose (E464)
Macrogol 400
Polysorbate 80 (E433)
Titanium dioxide (E171).
30 mg tablet
Tablet core:
Dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate (E341)
Sodium starch glycolate (Type A)
Magnesium stearate (E470b).
Tablet coating:
Hypromellose (E464)
Macrogol 400
Polysorbate 80 (E433)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Indigo carmine (E132).
Oral suspension
Polacrilin potassium
Dispersible cellulose (E460)
Propylene glycol
Glycerol (E422)
Sorbitol (E420)
Methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218)
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216)
Sodium citrate dihydrate (E331)
Citric acid anhydrate (E330)
Sodium saccharin (E954)
Natural orange flavour
Natural lemon flavour
colouring agent sunset yellow FCF (E110)
Simethicone emulsion
Purified water.
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
10/20/30 mg tablet
3 years.
Oral suspension
2 years (1 month after opening).
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
10/20/30 mg tablet
Do not store above 30ºC.
Store in the original package (to protect from light).
Oral suspension
Do not store above 25ºC.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
10 mg tablet
Blister packs comprising opaque polyvinyl (PVC) backed with aluminium foil.
Pack sizes: 14 and 28 tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
20 mg tablet
Blister packs comprising opaque PVC/PVdC or opaque polyvinyl chloride (PVC) backed with aluminium foil. Plastic containers (bottles) made of polypropylene, with polyethylene closures, may also be used.
Pack sizes: 4, 10, 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 98, 100, 250 and 500 tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
30 mg tablet
Blister packs comprising opaque PVC/PVdC or opaque polyvinyl chloride (PVC) backed with aluminium foil. Plastic containers (bottles) made of polypropylene, with polyethylene closures, may also be used.
Pack sizes: 28, 30, 56 and 60 tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
Oral suspension
Amber glass bottle sealed with polypropylene child
A polypropylene measuring cup is included.
Pack size: 150 ml.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
SmithK
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